KAJIAN PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN PASCA KEGIATAN PENAMBANGAN EMAS ILEGAL DI KABUPATEN KOLAKA PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA

Abstract

Kegiatan penambangan banyak mengundang sorotan masyarakat karena pengrusakan lingkungan, salah satunya adalah penambangan emas tanpa izin (PETI) selain merusak lingkungan membahayakan jiwa penambang karena keterbatasan pengetahuan penambang dan juga karena tidak adanya pengawasan dari dinas instansi terkait. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis; 1) perubahan sifat fisik tanah dan sifat kimia tanah pasca adanya pertambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ululunggolaka Kebupaten Kolaka; 2) tingkatpencemaran air sungai yang terjadi akibat pertambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka Kabupaten Kolaka; dan 3) perubahan sosial ekonomi terhadap masyarakat dengan adanya penambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka Kabupaten Kolaka. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kausalitas dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data primer penelitian ini diperoleh dari observasi kondisi fisik dan kimia tanah pada lokasi bekas penambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka, observasi kualitas air pada lokasi bekas penambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka serta wawancara menggunakan kuesioner yang dilakukan kepada 40 responden yang merupakan masyarakat Kelurahan Ulunggolaka sebagai bentuk pengecekan silang maupun untuk mengetahui informasi lain yang berkaitan dengan kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya masyarakat pada lokasi bekas penambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa reaksi tanah setelah terjadi penambangan emas ilegal relatif mengalami penurunan baik dari fisik maupun kimia tanah dibandingkan sebelum ditambang. Dari segi fisik, kondisi aerasi tanah setelah terjadi penambangan emas ilegal menyebabkan struktur tanah menjadi jelek dan sifat pengolahan tanahnya semakin berat yang umumnya didominasi oleh kadar debu hingga mencapai rata-rata 69,5%. Dari segi kimia, tanah bekas penambangan mengalami kenaikan tingkat derajat kemasaman tanah sehingga memengaruhi penurunan ketersediaan unsur hara Hasil uji kualitas air menunjukkan penurunan nilai pH terhadap air sungai di wilayah pertambangan ilegal hingga sebesar 5,1% menunjukkan tingkat pencemaran air sungai di wilayah bekas penambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka cukup tinggi dan dapat membahayakan kesehatan penduduk. Perubahan sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya terhadap masyarakat dengan adanya penambangan emas ilegal di Kelurahan Ulunggolaka menunjukkan dampak negatif seperti terjadinya penurunan pendapatan usaha tani karena meningkatnya biaya produksi, keterbatasan dan meningkatnya harga-harga sembako, tingginya komoditas beras. Sedangkan untuk faktor budaya, dampak yang timbul dari adanya penambangan emas ilegal adalah terjadinya kerawanan sosial masyarakat seperti perjudian dan peredaran minuman keras. Kata kunci:perubahan lingkungan, penambangan emas ilegal, kabupaten kolaka. Many mining activities invite the spotlight of the surrounding community because of environmental destruction, one of which is gold mining without (PETI) permission which in addition to damaging the environment also endanger the lives of miners because of the limited knowledge of miners and also because there is no supervision from the relevant agencies. This study aims to find out and analyze; 1) changes in physical properties of soil and soil chemical properties after illegal gold mining in the Ululunggolaka Village of Kolaka Regency; 2) the level of river water pollution that occurs due to illegal gold mining in the Ulunggolaka Village of Kolaka Regency; and 3) socio-economic changes to the community in the presence of illegal gold mining in the Ulunggolaka Village of Kolaka Regency. The type of research used in this study is causality research with a quantitative approach. The primary data in this study were obtained from observing the physical and chemical conditions of the soil at the site of the former illegal gold mining in the Ulunggolaka Village, observing water quality at the location of the former illegal gold mining in the Ulunggolaka Village and interviewing a questionnaire conducted on 40 respondents who were Ulunggolaka Village communities form of cross checking or to find out other information relating to the social, economic and cultural conditions of the community at the location of the former illegal gold mining in the Ulunggolaka Village. The results of this study indicate that soil reactions after illegal gold mining have relatively decreased both from physical and chemical soil compared to before being mined. From a physical point of view, the condition of soil aeration after illegal gold mining causes the soil structure to become ugly and the soil processing properties become increasingly heavy which is generally dominated by dust levels to reach an average of 69.5%. In terms of chemistry, ex-mining land has increased levels of soil acidity, affecting the decrease in nutrient availability. The water quality test results showed a decrease in pH value of river water in illegal mining areas up to 5.1% indicating the level of river water pollution in the former gold mining area illegal in Ulunggolaka Village is quite high and can endanger the health of the population. Social, economic, and cultural changes to the community with illegal gold mining in the Ulunggolaka Village showed negative impacts such as a decline in farm income due to increased production costs, the high commodity of rice. Whereas for cultural factors, the impact arising from illegal gold mining is the occurrence of social social insecurity such as gambling and liquor circulation. Keyword : environmental change, illegal gold mining, kolaka district