ANALISIS RISIKO PENGARUH KONSENTRASI TIMBAL (Pb), KADMIUM (Cd), DAN KROMIUM (Cr) DI UDARA AMBIEN TERHADAP KESEHATAN DI KOTA SEMARANG

Abstract

ABSTRAK Analisis Risiko Pengaruh Konsentrasi Timbal (Pb), Kadmium (Cd), dan Kromium (Cr) Di Udara Ambien Terhadap Kesehatan Di Kota Semarang M Zaki Wijdan P, Haryono S Huboyo, Anik Sarminingsih Penurunan kualitas udara terjadi karena emisi yang berasal dari industri, transportasi, domestik atau kebakaran hutan yang telah melampaui daya dukung lingkungan. Adapun jenis polutan yang sering menjadi permasalahan saat sekarang ini adalah paparan partikulat di udara khususnya Particulate Matter (PM2,5) yang berukuran ≤ 2,5 μm. Particulate Matter (PM2,5) tersebut mengandung berbagai unsur logam berat diantaranya Pb, Cd, dan Cr yang berbahaya terhadap kesehatan masyarakat sekitar apabila terpapar dalam waktu yang lama. Analisis Risiko adalah padanan istilah untuk risk assessment, yaitu karakterisasi efek – efek yang potensial merugikan kesehatan manusia oleh padanan bahaya lingkungan (Basri dkk, 2014). Analisis risiko dalam penelitian ini difokuskan di lima titik kawasan di Kota Semarang yaitu di Kecamatan Pedurungan, Kecamatan Banyumanik, Kecamatan Semarang Selatan, Kecamatan Tugu, dan Kecamatan Gunungpati. Analisis risiko dihitung menggunakan rumus dari Environmental Protection Agency. Hasil pengukuran konsentrasi Pb di titik sampling berada di kisaran 0,0103 µg/m3 sampai dengan 0,0367 µg/m3. Sedangkan hasil analisis konsentrasi Cd dan Cr pada PM 2,5 tidak terdeteksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa konsentrasi Pb, Cd, dan Cr di udara ambien di kawasan kota Semarang masih memenuhi baku mutu parameter yang telah ditentukan. Cancer Risk Ingestion (CRing) tertinggi berada di Kecamatan Tugu sebesar 5,26 x 10-6 dan CRing terendah berada di Kecamatan Banyumanik sebesar 4,89 x 10-7 keduanya tidak berisiko. Cancer Risk Inhalation (CRinh) Pb tertinggi berada di Kecamatan Tugu sebesar 8,82 x 10-9 dan CRinh terendah berada di Kecamatan Gunungpati sebesar 4,68 x 10-10 keduanya tidak berisiko kanker karena tidak melampaui batas toleransi cancer risk. Sedangkan untuk risiko non karsinogen, Hazard Index (HI) tertinggi berada di kecamatan Pedurungan sebesar 3,66 x 10-1 dan HI terendah berada di kecamatan Banyumanik sebesar 1,58 x 10-2. Hazard index (HI) rata-rata yang diterima masyarakat di kawasan Kota Semarang tidak berisiko non karsinogen karena nilai HI di bawah batas toleransi risiko non karsinogen. Kata kunci: Pb, Cd, Cr, Dosis Harian Rata-rata, Indeks Bahaya, Risiko Kanker ABSTRACT Risk Analysis of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr) Concentrations in Ambient Air on Health in Semarang M Zaki Wijdan P, Haryono S Huboyo, Anik Sarminingsih The decrease in air quality occurs because of emissions from industry, transportation, domestic or forest fires that have exceeded the carrying capacity of the environment. The type of pollutant that is often a problem now is exposure to particulates in the air, especially Particulate Matter (PM2.5) measuring ≤ 2.5 μm. Particulate Matter (PM2,5) contains various heavy metal elements including Pb, Cd, and Cr which are harmful to the health of the surrounding community when exposed for a long time. Risk Analysis is the term equivalent to risk assessment, namely the characterization of effects that have the potential to harm human health by the equivalent of environmental hazards (Basri et al., 2014). The risk analysis in this study focused on five regional points in Semarang City, namely in the District of Pedurungan (Residential and densely populated area), Banyumanik District (high transportation population), South Semarang District (Central area of Semarang City), Tugu District (close to the area) industry), and Gunungpati District (there is the most vegetation). Risk analysis is calculated using the formula from the Environmental Protection Agency. The measurement results of Pb concentration at the sampling point were in the range of 0.0103 µg / m3 to 0.0367 µg / m3. While the analysis results of Cd and Cr concentrations at PM 2.5 were not detected. Based on the results of these studies it can be seen that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in ambient air in the Semarang city area still meet the specified quality standards. Cancer Risk Ingestion (CRing) is highest in Tugu District at 4.33 x 10-6 and the lowest CRing is in Banyumanik Subdistrict at 4.02 x 10-7, both of which are not at risk of cancer. The highest Pb Cancer Risk Inhalation (CRinh) was in Tugu District at 7.26 x 10-9 and the lowest CRinh was in Gunungpati District at 3.85 x 10-10, both of which were not at risk of cancer. The highest Hazard Index (HI) is in Tugu sub-district at 3.31 x 10-1 and the lowest HI is in Banyumanik sub- district at 3.42 x 10-2. The average Hazard index (HI) received by people in the Semarang City area is not at risk of non-carcinogens. Keywords: Pb, Cd, Cr, Average Daily Dose, Hazard Index, Cancer Risk