MODEL DISTRIBUSI PESTISIDA TANAMAN PADI UNTUK LINGKUNGAN YANG BERKELANJUTAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT DI KABUPATEN PATI

Abstract

Kabupaten Pati Propinsi Jawa Tengah adalah sentra pertanian padi yang setiap tahunnya mengalami surplus, dengan luas lahan persawahan 58.448 hektar dengan irigasi teknis yang representatif. Pemakaian pestisida sebagai bahan pengendali hama sudah menjadi kebutuhan pokok petani padi di Kabupaten Pati. Distribusi pestisida terdapat permasalahan antara lain kurang tepatnya peran pemerintah dalam pengendalian peredaran pestisida, pencemaran lingkungan, kesehatan masyarakat dan penyalahgunaan pestisida, serta sampah kemasan yang dibuang secara bebas. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) dan analisa SWOT dengan identifikasi peredaran pestisida dan identifikasi perilaku penjual dan pembeli pestisida dengan unit fungsi satu hektar tanaman padi dan 16 liter sprayer dengan 78 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat pestisida yang belum terdaftar di kementerian pertanian dan sudah dilarang seperti diazinon, klorpirifos, 2-4D. Kios sarana produksi pertanian yang tidak berijin sebanyak 44 % di wilayah penelitian, pemerintah belum mampu mengendalikan peredaran pestisida. Hasil analisa SimaPro 7.0 terjadi emisi CO2 sebesar 66,79 kg eq CO2, SO2 sebesar 0,41 kg eq, eutrofikasi (PO4) 0,03 kg eq, SPM smog 0,37 kg untuk setiap hektar lahan padi per musim. Gangguan kesehatan berupa gejala simptomatis seperti pusing (24,46 %), sakit kepala (22,05 %) badan lemah (17,83 %) mual (26,63 %) dan panas dikulit (16,63 %). Rekomondasi; Penguatan kelembagaan dan sistem pengawasan disemua level serta pencatatan dan pelaporan pengunaan pestisida, penegakan hukum, penerapan prinsip Eco-efisiensi untuk pertanian yang berkelanjutan, pengelolaan sampah B3. . Kata Kunci; Pengendalian, LCA, Pestisida, Emisi, Lingkungan Pati Regency, Central Java Province, has become a center for paddy crop agriculture with an annual surplus production. The regency comprises 58,448-hectare rice fields with a representative technical irrigation. The application of pesticides as pest control substances has become the primary need of the local farmers in the regency. Most of the farmers perform the pesticide spraying, including the way the mix the substances, based on their previous experience. Pesticide distribution from the producres to the end consumers, ones who plant the paddy crops, has caused problems. The government does not play a significant role in controlling the pesticide circulation, leading to environmental pollution, public health disorders, and wastes. The misuse of the pesticides are evident by disposals of the pesticide packs to the environment. This study applied a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach by identifying the pesticide distribution and behaviors of both sellers and buyers. The calculation referred to a function unit of 1-hectare paddy crops subject to 16-litre pesticide spraying (using sprayer) performed by 78 respondents. The study found at least four unlicensed pesticides and unregistered kiosks (44% of the total kiosks), and illegal pesticides free distribution in market; diazinon, 2-4D and Clorpirifos. The pesticide distribution and application resulted in pollutant emission of 66,79 kg Eq CO2, 0,41 kg Eq SO2, 0.03 kg euthrophication materials, 1.88 kg winter smog, 114 g B3 wastes, all for 1-hectare paddy crops with production rate of 0,37 tonnes of wet grains. The study also discovered health problems (symptoms) among the respondents, such as headache (24.46%), head pain (22.05%), fatigue (17.83%), nausea (26.63%), and skin inflammation (16.63%). A SimaPro 7.0 analysis revealed that a simulation of proposed distribution model was capable of decreasing the CO2 up to 34.5% and SO2 up to 41.6% compared to the existing condition. The model also proposed a substitution of equipments at work. The study recommended an institutional and monitoring system strengthening at any level and pesticide recording and reporting, eco-eficiency principle application for sustainable agriculture, body protecting equipments, appropriate B3 waste management, legal enforcement to control change in (or conversion of) land use, and education and training at any level of the pesticide distribution activities towards sustainable environment. Keywords: Control, Emission, Environment, LCA, Pesticide,