PENGEMBANGAN TOOLKIT REDUKSI RISIKO PESTISIDA UNTUK PETANI MELON BERBASIS ANALISIS RISIKO DAN HACCP

Abstract

Setiap tahun penggunaan pestisida mengalami peningkatan, namun diikuti juga dengan meningkatnya pencemaran lingkungan dan gangguan kesehatan pada petani dan konsumen. Perilaku yang tidak aman petani dalam menggunakan pestisida telah menjadikan budaya di petani Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menggali serta menganalisis perilaku petani dalam menggunakan pestisida serta mengembangkan toolkit reduksi risiko pestisida berbasis analisis risiko dan HACCP sebagai upaya pencegahan pajanan pestisida. Metode penelitian adalah kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian menggunakan metode survei. Lokasi penelitian di Desa Curut Kecamatan Penawangan Kabupaten Grobogan Jawa Tengah. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 54 petani yang diambil berdasarkan kriteria inklusi. Pengolahan data menggunakan perhitungan analisis risiko untuk menentukan tingkat risiko (RQ) serta menggunakan Critical Control Point (CCP) untuk menyusun toolkit. Pajanan pestisida dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh petani melalui kulit,pernapasan dan pencernaan. Petani terpajan pestisida pada waktu membawa,menyimpan, memindahkan konsentrat, mencampur, menyemprot serta membersihkan alat semprot. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan RQ, 54 petani mendapatkan nilai lebih dari 1 yang berarti lebih dari batas aman yang diperkenankan. Perilaku petani yang tidak aman dalam menggunakan pestisida antara lain 50% petani menggunakan bahan aktif dalam sekali pencampuran 7-8 jenis. 61,1% petani tidak memperhatikan petunjuk pada label kemasan, tidak menggunakan alat pelindung diri. Analisis risiko memberikan gambaran pajanan pestisida dalam tubuh petani melalui identifikasi bahaya, dosis respons, penentuan pajanan serta penetapan karakteristik risiko. Toolkit reduksi risiko pestisida merupakan hasil pengembangan instrumen yang disusun berdasarkan analisis risiko dan penetapan titik kendali kritis. Diharapkan dengan tersusunnya toolkit ini dapat merubah perilaku petani dalam menggunakan pestisida sehingga mengurangi pajanan pestisida pada petani dan pencemaran lingkungan. Kata kunci: Petani, Pestisida, Kesehatan, Lingkungan, Analisis Risiko.   The use of pesticides has been increasing every year, yet it is followed by the increase of environmental pollution and health problems of farmers and consumers. The unsafe behaviours of the farmers in the use of pesticides have become part of everyday practices of farmers in Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to explore and analyse the behaviours of farmers in the use of pesticides, as well as to develop a pesticide risk reduction toolkit based on risk analysis and HACCP to prevent the exposure of pesticides. The research method of this study was quantitative in which survey method was used as the research design. This study was conducted in Curut Village District of Penawangan Grobogan, Central Java. By applying inclusion criteria, 54 farmers were included as the research sample.The data was analysed by using risk analysis calculation to determine the risk level (RQ) and by using Critical Control Point (CCP) in order to develop the toolkit. The pesticide exposures could detrimentally affect farmers through skin, respiratory and digestions systems. Farmers might be exposed to pesticides when they carried, stored, transferred the concentrate, mixed, sprayed and cleaned the spray equipments after they were used. Based on the calculation of RQ, 54 farmers received more than 1 point, which meant that the risk limit was more than the safe limit allowed. The unsafe behaviours in using the pesticides included 50% of the farmers used a mixture of 7-8 types of active ingredients at once, 61.1% of the farmers did not pay attention to the instructions on the label and did not use personal protective equipments as well. The risk analysis has provided the description of the pesticide exposures in the body of the farmers by means of hazard identification, dose response, exposure determination and identifying risk characteristics. The toolkit pesticide risk reduction was the result of the development of an instrument which was based on the risk analysis and the determination of the critical control point. It was expected that by using this toolkit farmers would alter their behaviours in using pesticides so that the pesticide exposure for the farmers and the enviromental pollution could be reduced. Keywords: Farmers, Pesticide, Health, Environmental, Risk Analysis