UPAYA BIOKONSERVASI MATA AIR “SENDANG KALIMAH TOYYIBAH” di DESA NYATNYONO KECAMATAN UNGARAN BARAT KABUPATEN SEMARANG BERBASIS ASOSIASI TUMBUHAN

Abstract

Pengelolaan sumber daya air, khususnya mata air merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan guna menjamin kelestarian dan keberlanjutan pemanfaatan sumber daya air yang ada. “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” merupakan salah satu mata air yang terdapat di wilayah Kabupaten Semarang dengan tingkat pemanfaatan yang intensif, namun masih sedikit informasi yang ada terkait kondisi, pemanfaatan dan pengelolaanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi mata air, faktor biotik dan abiotik kawasan mata air, struktur dan komposisi vegetasi, menganalisis asosiasi tumbuhan, mengkaji pengelolaan mata air serta merumuskan model biokonservasi mata air. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei lapangan dan analisis laboratorium yang meliputi kualitas air , kondisi geofisik mata air dan kawasan di sekitarnya, kondisi ekosistem di sekitarnya serta kondisi sosial budaya berikut upaya pengelolaan mata air yang telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat lokal. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis deskriptif, srtuktur dan komposisi vegetasi, Indeks Similaritas Sorenson (IS), Indeks Ochiai (IO), Indeks Asosiasi [E(a)] dan Uji Chi-Square serta perumusan model biokonservasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi mata air telah mengalami penurunan kondisi ekosistem dalam 5 tahun terakhir akibat konversi tutupan lahan. Analisis terhadap indeks keanekaragaman dan keseragaman vegetasi menunjukkan kisaran rendah, serta indeks nilai penting vegetasi yang cenderung didominasi oleh beberapa jenis vegetasi menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem di sekitar “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” belum mantap (stabil). Debit yang dihasilkan dari mata air tersebut sebesar 0,913 liter/detik pada musim kemarau dan 6,297 liter/detik pada musim penghujan. Struktur dan komposisi vegetasi di sekitar mata air memiliki indeks keanekaragaman sedang dan indeks perataan rendah, berarti bahwa terdapat dominasi jenis vegetasi pada kawasan tersebut. Terdapat 37 pasang asosiasi vegetasi di sekitar sendang dengan 14 pasang berasosiasi positif dan 23 pasang berasosiasi negatif. Tumbuhan yang paling banyak berasosiasi yaitu Jelatang (L. interrupta) dan Kelapa (C. nucifera). Pengelolaan mata air oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat lokal belum menunjukkan upaya intensif yang berorientasi pada kelestarian dan keberlanjutan pemanfaatan sumber daya air. Upaya biokonservasi mata air perlu dilakukan dengan pengayaan keragaman jenis vegetasi dengan penanaman jenis-jenis vegetasi Sengon (Albizia falcataria), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophylla), Kopi (Coffea robusta), Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Manggis (Garcinia mangostana), Jati (Tectona grandis), Mindi (Melia azedarach), Suren (Toona sureni), Beringin (Ficus benjamina), Bambu Wulung (Gigantochloa), Damar (Agathis dammara) dan Gmelina (Gmelina arborea). Kata-kata kunci: asosiasi vegetasi, biokonservasi, mata air, “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah”, Management of water resources, especially spring is important to maintain the sustainability and continuity of existing water resources utilization. “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” is one of the spring existed in the Semarang Municipal region with intensive utilization level. There is lack of information concerning its condition, utilization and management activities related to the spring. This research aimed to observe the condition of the spring, biotic and abiotic factors in the surrounding area, the condition of vegetation composition structure around the spring, to analyze the association of the vegetation around the spring, to study the management activities of the spring and to formulate the bioconservation model of the spring. Data collection was conducted through field survey and laboratory analysis including water quality of the spring, geophysic of the spring and the surrounding area, the condition of surrounding ecosystem and the socio culture condition including the management of the spring applied by local government and society. Analysis conducted for this research was including descriptif, analysis structure and composition of vegetation, Similarity Index of Sorenson (IS), Ochiai Index (IO), Association Index [E(a)], Chi-Square test and bioconservation model formulation. The result showed that condition of the spring had degraded for the last 5 years by land conversion. Analysis on the diversity and evenness indices showed low value, while importance index was dominated by several vegetation species showed that the “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding ecosystem had not achieved stable state. Average debit of the springs was 0.913 litre/second in dry season and 6,297 litre/second in rainy season. Structure and composition of vegetation community in the spring had average diversity indices and low evenness indices which means there were dominance of vegetation species in the area. Analysis on the association of vegetation around the spring showed there were 37 pairs of associations including 14 pairs of positive associations and 23 pairs of negative associatio. Vegetation with the most widely associated are Jelatang (L. interrupta) and Coconut (C. nucifera). The management effort for spring was not intensively oriented to the sustainability and continuity of water resources utilization. Bioconservation of spring should be applied through vegetation enrichment by plantation of Sengon (Albizia falcataria), Mahagony (Swietenia macrophylla), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylla), Coffee (Coffea robusta), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Durio (Durio zibethinus), Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), Teak (Tectona grandis), Mindi (Melia azedarach), Suren (Toona sureni), Banyan (Ficus benjamina), Bamboo (Gigantochloa), Damar (Agathis dammara) dan Gmelina (Gmelina arborea). Keywords: vegetation association, bioconservation, “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah”, spring