BERBAGAI FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN BAYI BERAT LAHIR RENDAH (BBLR) (Studi di Beberapa Puskesmas Kota Makassar

Abstract

Latar Belakang : Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan masih merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas perinatal. Di Indonesia angka kejadian BBLR sebesar 10,2%. BBLR disebabkan oleh multifaktor antara lain faktor ibu, faktor janin, dan faktor lingkungan. Tujuan untuk menjelaskan apakah berbagai faktor ibu dan lingkungan merupakan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian BBLR. Metode : Menggunakan desain case control. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 138 responden terdiri atas 69 kasus dan 69 kontrol yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Kasus adalah ibu dengan bayi lahir berat <2500 gram, tanpa memandang umur kehamilan dan kontrol adalah ibu dengan bayi lahir berat ≥ 2500 gram, tanpa memandang umur kehamilan. Pemilihan sampel kasus secara consecutive sampling dan kontrol secara simple radom sampling, dengan matching pada jenis kelamin dan tempat. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini yaitu usia ibu, status gizi, penyakit kehamilan, jarak kehamilan, anggota keluarga merokok dalam rumah, budaya pantangan makanan tertentu, status ANC, status sosial ekonomi. Variabel terikat yaitu kejadian BBLR. Variabel confounding adalah tingkat pendidikan ibu dan paritas. Hasil: Faktor ibu yang terbukti sebagai faktor risiko kejadian BBLR adalah status gizi kurang (OR=5.357; 95%CI=1.985-14.457), penyakit kehamilan (OR=3.976; 95%CI=1.669-9.476). Faktor ibu dan lingkungan yang terbukti bukan sebagai faktor risiko kejadian BBLR adalah usia ibu < 20 tahun atau usia ibu > 35 tahun, jarak kehamilan < 2 tahun, anggota keluarga merokok dalam rumah, budaya pantangan makanan tertentu, status ANC < 4x, status sosial ekonomi rendah. Simpulan: Status gizi kurang, penyakit kehamilan merupakan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian BBLR. Probabilitas menyebabkan kejadian BBLR jika terdapat 2 faktor risiko tersebut sebesar 68.87% Kata Kunci: Bayi berat lahir rendah, faktor risiko, status gizi, dan penyakit kehamilan Background: Low-birth-weight (LBW) as community health problem have remained as the main cause of prenatal morbidity and mortality. In Indonesia, the occurrence rate of LBW has reached 10,2%. LBW has caused by multifactors such as maternal factor, fetus factor, and environmental factor. The aim of the study was to elaborate if maternal factor and environmental factor are the risk factors contributing to LBW occurrence. Method: The study was based on case control design. The number of samples was 138 respondents who were categorized into 69 cases and 69 controls fulfilling the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The cases were mothers with babies having birth weight <2500 grams regarding the gestational age, and the controls were mothers with babies having birth weight ≥2500 grams regarding the gestational age. Sampling method to the cases was conducted by consecutive sampling while sampling to the controls was conducted by simple random sampling with matching to sex and location. The independent variables in the study were mother’s age, nutritional status, illness pregnancy, the spacing of pregnancy, the of family members smoking at home, the of a food taboos culture, ANC status, social economy status. The dependent variable was LBW occurrence. The confounding variable s were mother’s educational background and parity. Result: Maternal factors observed as risk factors contributing to LBW are low nutritional status (OR=5.357; 95%CI=1.985-14.457), illness pregnancy (OR=3.976; 95%CI=1.669-9.476). Maternal factors and environmental factors observed as non-risk factors to LBWN are age < 20 years old or age > 35 years, the spacing of pregnancy < 2 years, the of family members smoking at home,, the of a food taboos culture, ANC status < 4x , low social economy status. Conclusion: low nutritional status, illness pregnancy are risk factors contributing to LBW occurrence. The probability of LBW occurrence when those risk factors observed are 68,87%. Key words: Low-birth-weight newborns, risk factors, nutritional status, and illness pregnancy