BEBERAPA FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA (Studi di Kecamatan Kalikajar Kabupaten Wonosobo)

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas anak balita di dunia, dan penyebab ke dua kematian setelah diare di Indonesia. Kasus pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Kalikajar Kabupaten Wonosobo mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun dan belum diketahui faktor risikonya. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan faktor host, environment dan sosial ekonomi merupakan faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Metode: Desain studi adalah kasus kontrol. Populasi studi adalah balita di Kecamatan Kalikajar Kabupaten Wonosobo. Jumlah sampel 174 terdiri dari 87 kasus dan 87 kontrol yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Teknik pengambilan sampel kasus secara consecutive sampling dan sampel kontrol secara purposive sampling. Variabel yang diteliti yaitu imunisasi DTP-HB-Hib, status gizi, asi eksklusif, usia ibu, pengetahuan ibu, tingkat pendidikan ibu, praktek pencarian pengobatan ke sarana pelayanan kesehatan, kebiasaan ibu mencuci tangan, kebiasaan ibu membersihkan kamar balita, polusi udara, kondisi rumah dan status sosial ekonomi. Pengambilan data melalui wawancara dengan kuesioner dan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data secara bivariat dengan uji chi-square dan multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil : Faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada balita adalah tidak imunisasi DTPHB-Hib (aOR=2,84; 95%CI=1,24-6,49), ASI tidak eksklusif (aOR=2,55; 95%CI=1,20-5,42), pengetahuan ibu tentang pneumonia kurang (aOR=4,15; 95%CI=1,54-11,16), praktek pencarian pengobatan ibu ke sarana pelayanan kesehatan terlambat (aOR=2,42; 95%CI=1,06-5,54) dan kebiasaan ibu membersihkan kamar balita kurang baik (aOR=3,98; 95%CI=1,79-8,81). Probabilitas kejadian sebesar 95,4%. Simpulan : Faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada balita adalah tidak imunisasi DTP-HB-Hib, ASI tidak eksklusif, pengetahuan ibu tentang pneumonia kurang, pencarian pegobatan oleh ibu ke sarana pelayanan kesehatan terlambat dan kebiasaan ibu membersihkan kamar balita kurang baik. Kata kunci : pneumonia, faktor risiko, balita Background: Pneumonia has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years worldwide, and the second cause of mortality after diarrhea in Indonesia. The incidence of pneumonia in children under five years in Kalikajar District, Wonosobo tends increase every year and unknown for the risk factors. The aims of the research is to prove the risk factors of pneumonia of under five years children on the host, environments and socio economic aspects. Methods: This research was an observational case control design. The Study population were children under five years who visited Kalikajar Public Health centre 1 and 2 in Kalikajar district, Wonosobo. There were 174 samples consisted of 87 cases and 87 controls in inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sampling technique using consecutive sampling for cases and purposive sampling for controls. The variables studied were DTP-HB-Hib immunization, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, mother‟s age, mother‟s knowledge, mother‟s educational level, practice of search health care facilities, habits of hands washing, habits of clean the bedroom of children under five years, air pollution, house condition and social economic status. Data collected by the questionnaires and indepth interview. Analysis of data are using bivariate with chi square test and multivariate with multiple logistic regression Result: Not giving DTP-HB-Hib immunization (aOR=2.84; 95%CI=1.24-6.49), not exclusive breastfeeding (aOR=2.55; 95%CI=1.20-5.42), less of mother‟s knowledge of pneumonia (aOR=4.15; 95%CI=1.54-11.16), lately maternal treatment to health care facilities (aOR=2.42; 95% CI=1.06-5.54), and habits of mother whom does not clean the room of her children under five years (aOR=3.98; 95%CI=1.79-8.81) were proven as risk factors of pneumonia in children under five years. Probability is amounted 95.4%. Conclusion: Risk factors of pneumonia in children under five years were no immunization DTP-HB-Hib, not exclusive breastfeeding, less of mother‟s knowledge of pneumonia, lately maternal treatment to health care facilities and the habit of mother whom does not clean the room of her children under five years. Keywords: pneumonia, risk factors, children under five years