FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT KUSTA DI KABUPATEN BIAK NUMFOR

Abstract

Penyakit kusta merupakan masalah kesehatan dan sosial, ekonomi, budaya, keamanan serta ketahanan nasional di Indonesia. Hasil laporan WHO, kasus kusta tahun 2009 di dunia adalah 497.791 kasus. Pada tahun 2010 Indonesia melaporkan 17.012 kasus baru dan 1.822 di antaranya ditemukan sudah dalam keadaan cacat tingkat 2 (cacat yang tampak). Prevalensi penyakit kusta di Kabupaten Biak Numfor Tahun 2009 sebanyak 132 kasus (9,7 per 10.000), Tahun 2010 174 kasus (12,56 per 10.000 dan memiliki jumlah penderita kusta terbanyak di propinsi papua, pada tahun 2011, terjadi peningkatan kasus 247 (17,75 per 10.000) dan memiliki jumlah penderita kusta kedua terbesar di propinsi papua setelah kota jayapura dengan jumlah penderita 567 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor resiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit kusta di Kabupaten Biak Numfor dan menghitung besar risiko kejadian penyakit kusta berdasarkan faktor lingkungan. Variabel penelitian ini adalah pencahayaan, ventilasi, lantai dinding, kepadatan hunian, kelembaban, suhu, kebiasaan mandi, kondisi alas tempat tidur, kualitas air, dan tingkat sosial ekonomi. Hasil uji bivariat menunjukkan pencahayaan, ventilasi, kepadatan hunian, kelembaban, suhu, dan penggunaan alas tempat tidur berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian kusta. Sedangkan hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan kontribusi pencahayaan terhadap kejadian kusta dengan nilai slope B = -1,150 OR = 3,159 95% CI = 1,247-8,003 dan nilai p = 0,015 (< 0,05) dan kelembaban juga menunjukkan kontribusi terhadap kejadian kusta dengan nilai slope B = -1,807 OR = 6,092 95% CI = 2,329-15,397 dan nilai p = 0,000 (< 0,05). Terakhir, uji probabilitas terhadap kedua variabel ini menghasilkan tingkat probabilitas kejadian kusta sebesar 77,18%. Kata kunci: Kusta, Mycobacterium leprae, Lingkungan, Kabupaten Biak Numfor. Leprosy in Indonesia has been a complex problem because it concerns medical condition as well as other aspects of life such as economy, culture, security, and defense. The WHO (2009) reported 497,791 leprosy cases around the world. In 2010 there were 17,012 leprosy cases, in which 1,822 of the patients suffered from level-2 handicaps. The annual prevalence of leprosy disease in Biak Numfor Regency from 2009 to 2011 tends to increase, respectively from 132, 174, to 247 cases. The prevalence of leprosy disease in Biak Numfor Regency from 2009 to 2011 had a tendency to increase. In 2009 there were 132 cases (9.7 per 10,000 population), in 2010 there were 174 cases (12.56 per 10,00 population; the largest in Papua Province), and in 2011 there were 247 cases (17.75 per 10,000 population). At present, Biak Numfor Regency had the second largest leprosy case in the Papua Province. This research aimed to find out risk factors, which affected leprosy case and to calculate risk factor of the environmental-based leprosy in Biak Numfor Regency. Variables of the research consisted of lighting, ventilation, house wall and floor, household density, humidity, temperature, sleeping bed condition, personal hygiene, water quality, and socio-economic status. Bivariate test showed that lighting, ventilation, humidity, household density, temperature, and type of bed mattres had a significant relationship with leprosy. Furthermore, multivariate test showed that two of the variables, lighting and humidity, contributed to the leprosy incident, partially and simultaneously. Partially, lighting resulted in slope B = -1.150 OR = 3.159 95% CI = 1.247-8.003 and p = 0.015 (< 0.05), and humidity resulted in slope = -1.807 OR = 6.092 95% CI = 2.329-15.397 and p = 0.000 (< 0.05). The probability test on both variables resulted in a probability rate of 77.18%. Keywords: Leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, Environment, Biak Numfor Regency.