ANALISIS FEKTOR RISIKO MALARIA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SARMI KOTA KABUPATEN SARMI TAHUN 2012

Abstract

Beberapa faktor yang mempunyai potensi sebagai mata rantai penularan dan penyebab penyakit Malaria, yaitu kondisi lingkungan, kondisi fisik rumah, dan perilaku masyarakat. Masyarakat diwilayah kerja Puskesmas Sarmi Kota, Distrik Sarmi mempunyai kebiasaan yang sangat berisiko terhadap penularan penyakit malaria, di samping itu kondisi fisik rumah juga yang tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan, dan didukung oleh karakteristik wilayah yang berawa, dan terdapat semak-semak selain itu terdapat kandang ternak disekitar rumah sehingga berpotensi menjadi tempat perindukan dan tempat peristirahatan nyamuk malaria. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kondisi lingkungan sekitar rumah, kondisi fisik rumah, dan perilaku masyarakat dangan kejadian malaria di Wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sarmi Kota, Distrik Sarmi Kota, Kabupaten Sarmi, Propinsi Papua. Penelitian observasional ini menggunakan desain retrospective study dengan pendekatan case control yaitu membandingkan kelompok penderita (kasus) dengan kelompok bukan penderita (kontrol). Kelompok kasus sebanyak 57 responden dan kelompok kontrol 57 responden. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan Chi square dan besarnya resiko dengan odd ratio serta analisis multivariat untuk mengetahui kemaknaan hubungan (p) variabel bebas secara bersama-sama dengan variabel terikat dengan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian : Variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria adalah. 1).Genangan air dengan kejadian malaria (p value : 0,000; OR : 6,827 ; 95% CI : 2,822-16,516), 2).semak-semak/hutan dengan kejadian malaria (p value : 0,005; OR : 3,235; 95% CI : 1,493-7,013), 3).penggunaan kawat kasa pada ventilasi/jendela dengan kejadian malaria (p value : 0,014; OR : 2,773; 95% CI : 1,290-5,961), 4).tipe/jenis rumah dengan kejadian malaria (p value : 0,001; OR : 3,714; 95% CI : 1,710-8,067). Kesimpulan hasil penelitian: Keberadaan genangan air yang terdapat jentik nyamuk, penggunaan kawat kasa pada ventilasi/jendela rumah, tipe/jenis rumah dan keberadaan semak-semak/hutan di sekitar rumah , merupakan faktor risiko penyebab malaria di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sarmi Kota sebesar : 99,9 %. Kata kunci : Malaria, Lingkungan, Kondisi Fisik Rumah, dan Perilaku Several factors have potential to accommodate the spread and cause of malaria include environmental, physical, condition housing, and comunity behaviour. People in the working area of the Sarmi Municipal Public Health Service, Sarmi District, have high risk behavior of being exposed by malaria disease. In addition, physical condition of housings are still far below healthy standard. Slumps area and bushes around the environment under study have contributed to poor health condition. The presence of cattle cages nearby the houses have been considered to cause the vast growing malaria-bound mosquitos. This study aimed to find out the relationship between environmental conditions nearby the houses, physical conditions, housing comunity behaviors and malaria incidence in the working area of Sarmi Municipal Public Health Service, Sarmi District, Sarmi Regency, Papua Province. This observational study applied a restropective study with a case control approach, in which case group – those who suffered from malaria – were compared with control group. The case group consisted of 57 respondents, whereas the control group consisted of 57 respondents. Data were subject to univariate and bivariate analyses using a Chi-square technique. To calculate the risk factor, the study applied an odd ratio and to find out the simultaneous relationship meaning (p) between independent variables and the dependent variables the study applied a multivariate analysis. This analysis was then correlated with a logistic regression. Results of the study showed the following outputs: 1) a relationship between water slumps and malaria (p value : 0.000; OR 5.827; 95% CI 2.822-16.516); 2) a relationship between bushes and malaria (p value : 0.0005; OR 3.232; 95% CI 1.493-7.013); 3) a relationship between window ventilation filters and malaria (p value : 0.014; OR 2.773; 95% CI 1.290-5.961); and 4) a relationship between type of houses and malaria (p value : 0.001; OR 3.714; 95% CI 1.710-8.067). The study concluded that the presence of water slumps contributed to the growth of mosquito larvae. The malaria risk factors related to the installation of window ventilation filters, types of houses, and the presence of bushes nearby the housings. These risk factors have affected the malaria incidence in the working area of Sarmi Municipal Public Health Center as much as 99.9%. Keywords : malaria, Environment, Physical Conditions Housing, and Behaviors.