Konsep Dasar Berfikir Ilmiah dengan Penalaran Deduktif, Induktif, dan Abduktif

Abstract

Every living thing in this world including humans and animals have a brain for them to think. Both humans and animals are able to produce knowledge, where knowledge is used to improve their quality of life. Basically animals have knowledge, but knowledge is produced through the process of thinking without reasoning, so the benefit is only very limited knowledge for survival. Human reasoning capabilities have led to human knowledge that developed far more advanced than in animals. Even human beings are the only creatures that develop knowledge in earnest on this earth. The man knows what is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is bad, and what a beautiful and what is not. Reasoning is a process to draw a conclusion in the form of knowledge. Reasoning generates knowledge that is associated with the activity of thinking rather than feeling. Nevertheless we should realize that not all of the activity of thinking relies on reasoning. So the reasoning is the thinking that has certain characteristics in finding the truth. There are various ways to do the reasoning, such as deductive, inductive, and abductive. Deductive reasoning logically draws conclusions from given premises. Note that deductive reasoning is a logical conclusion from the premises available. The result is not always the truth that we know. Inductive is generelizing a thing of the cases which we have ever seen or experienced to draw conclusions about other things that we have never seen or experienced. Abductive is reasoning from a fact to actions or conditions that result in fact occurred. This method is used to describe events that we observe.