Bacterial Symbionts of Reef's Invertebrates as a Sustainable Source of Marine Natural Products

Abstract

Marine invertebrates are mainly accumulating within coral reef ecosystems such as soft corals, sponges, tunicates and bryozoans have long been recognized as the prolific sources of structurally unique and diverse natural products since they provide a large proportion of bioactive compounds with different biological activities. Unfortunately, the supply of these bioactive natural products is usually insufficient to meet the ultimate development of most marine natural products. The concentrations of many highly active compounds in reef's invertebrates are often minute, accounting for less than 10-”6% of the wet weight. This problem has been viewed as the most significant threat regarding the development of phannaceutical from reefs invertebrates. The secondary metabolites from bacterial symbionts, on the other hand, are a rapidiy growing field, due to the suspicion that bioactive metabolites obtained from invertebrates may be produced by their bacterial symbionts. In particular, from sustainability point of view, isolating bioactive-producing bacteria is obviously offers a much better approach than cultivating and harvest invertebrates, which are in most cases extremely difficult. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces, in particular from reefs invertebrates, are a promising source of natural products. It is expected that still qulte a few parts of unexplored culturable bacterial syrnbionts exists in the reefs. Such information might be desirable, as these bacterial symbionts may serve beneficial purposes as the source of secondary metabohtes including novel marine natural products