KEPUSTAKAAN INTERANTIONAL TENTANG KEBEBASAN AKADEMIK DAN HAK AZASI MANUSIA

Abstract

Literature on academic culture at the international arena in the 1990s has been dominated by the discourse on academic freedom such as written and/or edited by Worgul, Jr (1992), Russell (1993), Poch (1993), Forum (1994), Codesria (1994, 1996) and Watch (1998). This situation has among others been the results of recent demands on the interaction of the academic world on one side and the dynamics of life on the other side. Academicians in the world, either in groups or individually, have sought ways to maintain academic freedom at universities from external intervention, such as what has been experienced by academicians in the Arab and African countries as well as in Indonesian under Soeharto regime. Intervention to academic world concerning academic freedom, however has come not only from government but also from political and religious groups. In many cases in the thirld world, pressures to academics have been followed by serious violations of human rights.