FAKTOR RISIKO KOLONISASI PENICILLIN-NONSUSCEPTIBLE Streptococcus pneumonia (PNSP) PADA NASOFARING BALITA DAN DEWASA SEHAT

Abstract

Background: S.pneumoniae is the most significant bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia among children worldwide. Nasopharyngeal carriage plays the essential role in pathogenesis of pneumococcal invasive diseases. For the past decades the resistance rates to penicillin has been increased. This is a study of the risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNSP) in healthy children and adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in March-April 2010 in 16 districts in Semarang, 497 children and adults were recruited. We collected nasopharyngeal samples and questionnaires to get demographic data, data on antibiotic consumption, family and household data, history of middle ear infection, and history of chronic respiratory diseases. Nasopharyngeal samples were assessed by standard procedures to identify S.pneumoniae. Oxacillin disk were used for screening of penicillin resistance. Results: Of 497 samples, 408 were considered qualified to be analyzed. A number of 108 (26%) carried S.pneumoniae, and 28 (7%) were non-susceptible to penicillin. Exposure to cigarette smoke was the only risk factors found to be associated with nasopharyngeal carriage of S.pneumoniae in healthy adults. No risk factors found to be associated with healthy children and adults carrying PNSP in this study. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of PNSP carriage is increasing compared to the past study counducted in Lombok, Indonesia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke might reduce the risk of nasopharyngeal carriage of S.pneumoniae, further study is required. Keywords: PNSP, risk factors, nasopharyngeal colonization