AMBANG RESISTENSI IKAN BANDENG DAN UDANG TERHADAP TOLUENA, ETIL BENZENA DAN DIMETIL FTALAT BERDASARKAN MODEL BIOAKUMULASI KOMPARTEMEN TUNGGAL

Abstract

Sampai sejauh ini penelitian-penelitian pencemaran lingkungan masih terfokus pada pestisida dan logam berat. Perhatian terhadap adanya pencemar lain, seperti fenol dan deterjen serta bahan organik non pestisida dan non logam berat masih sangat terbatas. Padahal seperti yang dilaporkan oleh Wibawa, et al (1996), bahwa sejumlah tambak udang dan bandeng di wilayah pantai utara (Pantura) Jawa Tengah tercemar oleh sedikitnya 37 jenis bahan kimia, yang 20 diantaranya bukan pestisida, namun diperkirakan tingkat toksisitasnya cukup tinggi. Dilaporkan pula 3 dari 20 jenis bahan kimia ini ditengarai sangat berbahaya bagi manusia karena secara akumulatif dapat menginisiasi terjadinya kanker pada manusia. Ke tiga bahan kirnia ini adalah Toluen (5 wilayah Kabupaten/Kodya, 120-600 ppm), Etill benzena (3 wilayah Kabupaten/Kodya, 3- 16 ppm) dan Dimetil ftalat (2 wilayah Kabupaten/Kodya, 332 ppm). Mengingat dampaknya kepada masyarakat yang sangat luas, maka dipandang perlu untuk melakukan batasan tingkat aman masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi ikan bandeng dan udang. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah mencari ambang resistensi ikan bandeng dan udang terhadap Toluen, Etil benzena dan Dimetil ftalat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan model bioakumulasi kompartemen tunggal yang dikemukakan cleh Moriaty (1975) dalam Connel (1995) dan analisisnya dilakukan dengan spektrofotomer GC-MS. Prinsip metoda penelitian yang dilakukan di sini adalah sejumlah bibit bandeng (nener, 11-13 mm., 0,01 gram/akar) dan bibit udang (benur, 10-15 mm, 0,02 gram/ekor), secara terpisah dipelihara selama 14 hari di dalam larutan Tolunen, Etil benzen dan Dimetil ftalat yang dibuat dengan air payau buatan dengan konsentrasi yang bervariasi. Segabai kontrol digunakan nener dan benur yang dipelihara di dalam air payau tanpa bahan pencemar. Setiap 24 jam atau 1 hari sekai dilakukan pengamatan jumlah kematian nener dan benur. Larutan yang konsentrasinya menyebabkan kematian nener atau benur 50 % dilaku¬kan analisa konsentrasi bahan pencemar sisa menggunakan spektrofoto-meter GC-MS. Dad sini, dengan menggunakan pendekatan model bioakumulasi kompartemen tunggal yang disederhanakan dapat dihitung Ks,, yakni suatu besaran yang merupakan ambang resistensi nener dan udang terhadap bahan pencemar. Terungkap di sini bahwa Kris% benur terhadap Tohien adalah 0,265 dan terhadap Dimetil ftalat adalah 0,558 sedangkan benur terhadap Etil benzen dan Krist nener terhadap Toluen, Etil benzen dan Dimetil ftalat belum dapat ditentukan. Dad penelitian ini secara kasar dapat disimpulkan bahwa ambang resistensi ikan bandeng dan udang terhadap Toluen, Etil benzena dan Dimetil ftalat dapat didekati dengan menggunakan nener (untuk bandeng) dan benur (untuk udang), dan dapat diungkapkan dalam terminologi Kist. Selanjutnya di¬sarankan agar metoda penentuan ambang resistensi ini disempurnakan untuk mendapat data yang lebih akurat, sehingga tanpa ragu-ragu dapat diterapkan untuk menentukan icist bandeng dan udang terhadap berbagai bahan pencemar lain yang umum ditemukan. Demikian pula beberapa produk perairan lainnya terhadap berbagai bahan pencemar tersebut, sangat perlu ditentukan di massa¬massa yang akan datang guna penegakan UU No.8/1999 tentang perlindungan konsumen. The widely researchs of chemicals pollutants existing in the environments is still limited on pesticides and heavy metals until now. The consideration of others such as phenols, detergents and non pesticide-as well as non heavy metal-organic pollutants else are very still limited. It was suddenly Wibawa, et al (1996) reported that many numbers of the northern Central Java coastal fisheries has been contaminated by at least 37 kinds of chemicals pollutants where 20 of those are not pesticides. It was also reported that 3 of 20 could initiate accumulatively human cancer being_ The three chemicals were Toluene (exist in 5 area of regencies, 120-600 ppm), Ethyl benzene (exist in 3 area of regencies, 3-16 ppm) and Dimethyl phtalic (exist in 2 area of regencies, 332 ppm). Considering their widely influence on especia/ly Central Java people, therefore it was very important to be conducted research in order to consumers of both bandeng and udang get the safeguaranty upon existing of the three pollutants. The focus of research here was to find out the resistance threshold value of bandeng and udang to existing Toluene, Ethyl benzene and Dimethyl phtalic. Those could be performed by mean of the approach of single compartment bioaccumulation model stated by Moriaty (1975) in Connel (1995), and the chemicals were analyzed by GC-MS spectrophotometer. The principal methode of the research was separetely looked after the numbers of nener, i.e. infant of bandeng 11-13 mm length and 001 gram weight per infant, and benur, i.e. infant of udang 10-15 mm length and 0,02 gram weight per infant for 14 days in the artificial saline solution of Toluene, Ethyl benzene and Dimethyl phtalic with various concentration previously determined. The control used in this research was the two kind infants looked after in non-existing the three chemicals solution made from the same artificial saline water. The evaluation of the infants behaviour particularly their mortality level was carried out every 1 day or 24 hours. Of these, the solutions of which more than 50 % infants collapsed were analyzed by GC-MS spectrophotometer to determine their remain of the chemicals. Futhermore, using approachment of simplified single compartment bioaccumulation model it could be calculated the resistance threshould value of both bandeng ang udang to existing the three chemicals each, namely Krim. It was found that Krist of benur to existing Toluene was 0.265, and that to existing Dimethyl phtalic was 0.558 but unfortunately Kris, of benur to existing Ethyl benzene as well as that of nener to existing Toluene, Ethyl benzene and Dimethyl pthalic have not determined yet. Of these could be roughly concluded that the resistance threshould value of both bandeng and udang to existing the three chemicals each could be stated with Kris, and quantitatively it could be determined using nener (for bandeng) and benur (for udang). It could be further suggested that the determination methode of the resistance threshould value should be perfected in order to get more accurate and establish data of Kost. It was also suggested that K,,,, of both bandeng and benur to existing other chemicals commondly meet in the environment should be determined, thus so Kist of other fisheries product to existing that chemicals. It was very important to encourage U(1 No.8/1999 of Indonesian consumer protection in the future.