PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KARYA ARSITEKTUR CAGAR BUDAYA DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002 TENTANG HAK CIPTA (Studi kasus perlindungan arsitektur cagar budaya di kota Semarang)

Abstract

The development of this thesis was inspired by the existing of Dutch colonial-made building found in Semarang Municipality. Such historiec buildings, which have beeb under the protection of cultural conservative architecture regulation, werw subject to modernisation of the city. Their function change gradually. Even, some of them had to be destroyed due to city current development. In line with such phenomenon, this thesis aimed to find out whether change or modification from the original function of these so called cultural conservative architectures agrees with legal notification issued by the government of the Republic of Indonesia, the Government Act No. 19/2002 on Copyrights. In addition, it aimed to discover factors affecting legal offenses as well as efforts to be measured in order to overcome such offense. Technique of analysis used in this study was descriptive analysis with a non random purposive sampling method. Since objects of the research were limited in numbers, the researcher decided to involve all samples to resolve the problem. To collect the data, the thesis applied both primary and secondary data from the study field, supported by literary study. All of the data were then subject to analysis using a qualitative method and juridical systematical manner. After having studied the whole affecting aspects of the study, it was concluded that the modification of most of the cultural conservative architecture had overruled the technical discourse. Instead, developers only relied their development decision on economic point-of-view. In other words, commercialization dominated the policy of authorities to displace the historical values of the buildings. Such effort really disagreed with terms and conditions stipulated within the Government Act No. 19/2002 on Copyrights, in that any modification of architectural piece-of-work should come into realisation solely by technical consideration. There are some deteriorating factors that result in ineffective legal management, such as lack of cooperation and coordination between concerned parties and institution, lack of legal awareness of in common sense, lack of socialisation toward any legal policy issued by the government, relatively light sanctions against the Act offenders, and lack of concern from Local Government in efforts of the conservative of these cultural conservative architectures. Efforts that should be taken into effect for preventing such destruction may range from good cooperation and coordination between concerned parties and institutions to much more strictly punishment to the offenders, from the renovation of the buildings for more useful purposes to active participation of architects in the conservation of the buildings. From the above mentioned description and results, this thesis concluded that protection of the cultural conservative architectures in Semarang Municipality has not accorded to the terms and condition authorized by the Indonesian Copyrights law. Penulisan tesis ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya bangunan-bangunan peninggalan kolonial Belanda di Kota Semarang, yang ditetapkan sebagai karya arsitektur cagar budaya yang dilindungi telah dirubah, dibongkar/ dialihwujudkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah perubahan terhadap karya arsitektur cagar budaya tersebut sesuai/tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan Undang-undang khususnya Undang-undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta, dan faktor apa yang menyebabkan timbulnya pelanggaran, serta upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi pelanggaran tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat diskriptif analisis. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan teknik penentuan sample non random purposive sampling (sample bertujuan), karena objek yang diteliti jumlahnya sedikit, untuk itu akan diteliti semua agar dapat menjawab permasalahan. Teknik pengumpulan data didasarkan pada data primer dan data skunder dari penelitian lapangan, serta didukung data kepustakaan, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan disusun secara sistimatis yuridis. Hasil penelitian penulis adalah perubahan/pengaliwujudan bangunanbangunan karya arsitektur cagar budaya di Kota Semarang tidak berdasarkan pada pertimbangan teknis, tetapi lebih didasarkan pada pertimbangan manfaat dan ekonomis, dan hal itu tidak sesuai/bertentangan dengan kentuan Undang-undang Hak Cipta Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 yang menetapkan bahwa perubahan terhadap karya arsitektur hanya diperbolehkan berdasarkan pertimbangan pelaksanaan teknis. Adapun faktor penyebab timbulnya pelanggaran terhadap hak cipta karya arsitektur cagar budaya adalah kurang efektifnya peraturan perundang-undangan, disebabkan kurangnya kerjasama dan koordinasi yang baik antara aparatur terkait, kurangnya kesadaran hukum masyarakat, karena kurangnya sosialisasi terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, penerapan sanksi yang relatif masih ringan, kurangnya perhatian Pemerintah Daerah dalam upaya-upaya pelestarian terhadap karya-karya arsitektur cagar budaya. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi pelanggaran terhadap karya arsitektur cagar budaya adalah melakukan kerjasama dan koordinasi yang baik antara lembaga dan aparatur terkait, memberikan sanksi yang lebih berat dan tegas, memberdayakan bangunan-bangunan misalnya dengan cara mengalihfungsikan bangunan, meningkatkan peran serta arsitek dalam rangka pelestarian karya arsitektur cagar budaya. Kesimpulan tesis ini adalah bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap karya arsitektur cagar budaya di Kota Semarang belum terlaksana sebagaimana seharusnya berdasarkan ketentuan UU Hak Cipta di Indonesia.