MODEL TABUNGAN RUMAH TANGGA (SINTESIS LIFE CYCLE-PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS = LC-PIH) STUDI KASUS DI KOTA SEMARANG

Abstract

Perilaku dan model tabungan rumah tangga sampai saat ini relatif sulit diketahui karena selalu mengalami perubahan. Faktor-faktor yang menentukan tabungan rumah tangga sangat kompleks dan bervariasi, antara lain pendapatan, faktor demografi dan kondisi sosial ekonomi. Studi ini dilakukan dalam rangka untuk (1). Mengidentifikasi faktor –faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku dan model tabungan rumah tangga; (2). Mengestimasi model tabungan rumah tangga. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 270 rumah tangga di Kota Semarang antara bulan Juli sampai Agustus 2007, dengan stratifikasi pada lima jenis pekerjaan utama kepala rumah tangga, yaitu (1). Petani dan nelayan (2). Buruh dan angkutan (3). Pengusaha dan pedagang (4). PNS, TNI dan POLRI (5). Pensiunan dan lainnya. Untuk analisis dan memilih model yang baik, digunakan model Life Cycle Hypothesis (LCH), Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH), sintesis Life Cycle - Permanent Income Hypothesis (LC-PIH) dan LC-PIH perluasan, yaitu LC-PIH I (+ variabel asuransi), LC-PIH II (+ variabel ekspektasi rasional) dan LC-PIH III (+ variabel asuransi dan ekspektasi rasional) yang diestimasi secara log-linier dengan metode OLS. Berdasarkan hasil estimasi dengan menggunakan model LC-PIH III, maka dapat diketahui bahwa tabungan rumah tangga dipengaruhi secara positif dan signifikan oleh pendapatan permanen, pendapatan sementara, pendidikan kepala rumah tangga dan jenis pekerjaan, serta dipengaruhi secara negatif dan signifikan oleh umur kepala rumah tangga, dependency ratio, kredit dan ekspektasi rasional. Model terbaik hasil analisis adalah model LC-PIH II. Model terbaik berdasarkan pada jenis pekerjaan adalah (1). Buruh dan angkutan : LC-PIH III; (2). Pengusaha dan pedagang : PIH; (3). PNS, TNI dan POLRI; serta (4). Pensiunan dan lainnya : LC-PIH II. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada model tabungan rumah tangga, khususnya sintesis model LC-PIH. Sepengetahuan penulis, penambahan dua variabel dalam model LC-PIH (asuransi dan ekspektasi rasional) dan stratifikasi pada 5 jenis pekerjaan belum pernah dilakukan. Hasil studi ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa untuk meningkatkan tabungan rumah tangga dapat dilakukan dengan cara (1). Meningkatkan dan membuka peluang kerja sebesar-besarnya; (2). Meningkatkan UMR dan gaji pokok tenaga kerja secara periodik; serta (3). Meningkatkan pendidikan dan layanan kesehatan. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya perlu dilakukan pada sampel yang lebih spesifik serta model dan stratifikasi yang berbeda. The model and behavior towards household saving are relatively difficult to be observed since they always change. Besides, factors determining household saving are complex and varied, among others, monthly income, demographic and social economic factors. Therefore, there is a need of formulating the theory and household saving model, which is designed based on the environment and characteristic of the Indonesian family, especially those from Semarang city. The study is aimed at (1) identifying factors affecting the household saving behaviors, (2) estimating the household saving model appropriately applied in Semarang city. A cross-section household survey was conducted in Semarang city from July to August 2007. The survey included two hundred and seventy selected samples and 5 stratified occupational background of the head of the family; (1) farmer and fisherman, (2) labor, (3) businessman, (4) civil servant, military members, and police officers, (5) retired persons and others. Life Cycle Hypothesis (LCH), Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH), Life Cycle – Permanent Income Hypothesis (LC-PIH) and the extended LC-PIH, estimated with the log-linear OLS method, were employed to analyze and select the best household saving model. The estimation result using LC-PIH III model showed that there was a positive and significant effect of the permanent income, transitory income, the educational background of the head of the household, and the type of occupation the head of household possesses towards the household saving. On the other hand, a negative and significant effect was shown regarding the effect of the age of the head of the household, dependency ratio, credit and rational expectation towards the household saving. In addition, the best model was LC-PIH II, whereas the best model in accordance with the type of occupation was the following (1) Labor: LC-PIH III, (2) Businessman: PIH, (3) Civil Servant, Military Members, and Police Officers : LC-PIH II and (4) Retired Persons and others: LC-PIH II. The result of the study, especially the synthesized model of LC-PIH gives an important contribution on the household saving model. Besides, study in the same field with the two additional variables in the LC-PIH model (insurance and rational expectations) as well as five stratified occupations had not been conducted. The result of the study indicates that there are 3 ways to increase the household saving, they are (1) striving for the maximum increase of the number of employment, (2) making a periodic regional minimum wage (UMR) and the employees’ basic salary, and (3) increasing the quality of public education and health services. Finally, further study is needed, especially those which include more specific sample and the usage of different model and stratification.