KAJIAN SISTEM MANAJEMEN MUTU PADA PENGOLAHAN “IKAN JAMBAL ROTI” DI PANGANDARAN - KABUPATEN CIAMIS

Abstract

Term of “jambal roti” fish represent the salted-dried cat fish. Business of “jambal roti” fish processing in Pangandaran has potency to be developed. One aspect which needs to study in the business development is quality management system. At food processing, effective quality management system that can guarantee product quality and product security is Integrated Quality Management Program (IQMP) based on the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) concept. The aims of this research were to know the quality and safety of raw material and also product, the application level of Pre Requisite Program, correlation between the angle of post rigor mortis with the quality of raw material organoleptically, double correlation between the quality of raw material organoleptically and the application level of Pre Requisite Program with the quality of product organoleptically, each correlation between the education and the business experience of processors with the application level of Pre Requisite Program, and also determine or specify the HACCP applied especially its principles on “jambal roti” fish processing in Pangandaran. This research was case study, with the subyek of research was “jambal roti” fish processing unit accounting for 9 units. All processing units were made as samples research, except for the examination of Total Plate Count (TPC) was only taken three samples of processing units by using method of purposive sampling. Research data consisted of primary and secondary data. The primary data was analysed by using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, Descriptive Statistical Analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis, Double Regression Analysis, Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis and t-Test. The result of research showed that generally raw material quality (mean value the quality = 7) and product quality (mean value the quality = 6,6) of “jambal roti” fish in Pangandaran by organoleptic had fulfilled the quality standard requirement according to SNI. However, product security hung in doubt because mean value of TPC was high enough (1,3 x 105 colony/gr) and exceeded the maximum standard TPC of salted-dried fish according to SNI. As a whole, the application level of Pre Requisite Program were still low (mean the application level = 54,78 %). At confidence level 5 %, there were significant correlation between the angle of post rigor mortis with the quality of raw material organoleptically (r = 0,956). And also, the quality of raw material organoleptically and the application level of Pre Requisite Program had significant correlation with the quality of product organoleptically (R = 0,978). The business experience had significant correlation with the application level of Pre Requisite Program (ρ = 0,847). While, correlation between education and the application level of Pre Requisite Program showed insignificant correlation (ρ = 0,020). Process steps represented as Critical Control Points (CCP) were raw material acceptance, and drying. Istilah “ikan jambal roti” merupakan sebutan untuk ikan manyung asin. Usaha pengolahan “ikan jambal roti” di Pangandaran berpotensi untuk dikembangkan. Salah satu aspek yang perlu dikaji dalam pengembangan usaha tersebut adalah sistem manajemen mutu. Pada pengolahan pangan, sistem manajemen mutu yang efektif dapat menjamin mutu produk dan keamanan produk adalah Program Manajemen Mutu Terpadu (PMMT) berkonsep Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mutu dan keamanan bahan baku maupun produk, tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar, korelasi antara sudut post rigor mortis dengan nilai organoleptik bahan baku, korelasi ganda antara nilai organoleptik bahan baku dan tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar dengan nilai organoleptik produk, korelasi masing-masing antara pendidikan dan pengalaman usaha para pengolah dengan tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar, serta menentukan atau menetapkan prinsip-prinsip utama HACCP pada pengolahan “ikan jambal roti” di Pangandaran. Jenis penelitian ini studi kasus, dengan subyek penelitiannya adalah unit pengolahan “ikan jambal roti” yang berjumlah 9 unit. Seluruh unit pengolahan dijadikan sampel penelitian, kecuali untuk pengujian kandungan total bakteri (Total Plate Count) hanya diambil tiga sampel unit pengolahan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data penelitian terdiri dari data primer dan sekunder. Data primer dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analisis Deskriftif kuantitatif, Analisis Statistika Deskriptif, Analisis Korelasi Pearson, Analisis Regresi Ganda, Analisis Korelasi Spearman Rank dan Uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada umumnya mutu bahan baku (ratarata nilai mutu = 7, pembulatan) dan mutu produk (rata-rata nilai mutu = 6,6) “ikan jambal roti” di Pangandaran secara organoleptik telah memenuhi syarat standar mutu menurut SNI. Namun demikian, keamanan produk masih diragukan karena rata-rata TPC-nya cukup tinggi (1,3 x 105 koloni/gr) dan melebihi standar maksimum TPC ikan asin kering menurut SNI. Secara keseluruhan, tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar masih rendah (rata-rata tingkat penerapan = 54,78 %). Pada taraf kepercayaan 5 %, terdapat korelasi nyata antara sudut post rigor mortis dengan nilai organoleptik bahan baku (r = 0,956). Demikian juga, nilai organoleptik bahan baku dan tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar berkorelasi nyata dengan nilai organoleptik produk (R = 0,978). Pengalaman usaha berkorelasi nyata dengan tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar (ρ = 0,847). Sedangkan, antara pendidikan dengan tingkat penerapan Program Kelayakan Dasar tidak terdapat korelasi nyata (ρ = 0,020). Tahap proses yang dinyatakan sebagai Critical Control Points (CCP) adalah penerimaan bahan baku dan penjemuran.