HUBUNGAN FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI, HIGIENE SANITASI LINGKUNGAN, TINGKAT KONSUMSI DAN INFEKSI DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK USIA 2-5 TAHUN DI KABUPATEN SEMARANG TAHUN 2003 THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC FACTOR, HYGIENE, LEVEL OF CONSUMPTIONS, AND INFECTIONS WITH THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN SEMARANG DISTRICT, IN 2003

Abstract

THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS, HYGIENE, LEVEL OF CONSUMPTIONS, AND INFECTIONS WITH THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN SEMARANG DISTRICT, IN 2003 AEDA ERNAWATI Background: The multidimentional crisis have degraded the nutritional status of Indonesian society. Preschool children are at risk developing PEM as they are not breastfed and the food consumed may not fuilfill the nutrients need for their progressive growth. Nutritional status of preschool children is indirectly associated to the socioeconomic and hygiene status and directly associated to the level of consumptions and infections. The aims of this research is to analyze the associations between socioeconomic factors, hygiene, level of consumptions, and infections with the nutritional status of preschool children in Semarang District. Method : This research was an observational study with a cross sectional design and survey method. The subjects were 76 preschool children who live in Semarang District and chosen with a proportional ramdom sampling. The respondents were the mothers of the subjects. Data analysis were conducted with Rank Spearman and Chi Square methods. Result :Respondents were from a relatively low socioeconomic status. 93,4% of the samples had a deficit in the level of enegy consumptions and 35,5% had a deficit in the level of protein consumptions. In the last three months, 63,2% of the subjects had URTI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infections) and 1,3% had diarrhea. 3,9,6% of the subjects were in low weight fot age. Energy and protein consumption level as well as URTI incidence was associated to the WAZ score of the preschool children. Mother’s education and nutritional knowledge were associated to protein consumption level. Mother’s education level was associated to energy consumption level. Conclution : Mother’s education were associated to energy and protein consumption level. Energy and protein consumption as well as URTI incidence were associated to WAZ score. However, family income was not associated to energy and protein consumption level, sanitation hygiene were not associated to URTI and diarrhea incidence. Latar belakang : Adanya krisis multidimensional telah menurunkan status gizi masyarakat. Salah satu kelompok masyarakat yang rentan terhadap penurunan status gizi adalah anak usia 2–5 tahun, karena pada usia ini anak sudah tidak mendapatkan ASI sedangkan makanan yang dikonsumsi belum mencukupi kebutuhan gizi yang semakin meningkat. Status gizi secara tidak langsung berkaitan dengan faktor sosial ekonomi dan higiene sanitasi serta berkaitan langsung dengan tingkat konsumsi dan infeksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan faktor sosial ekonomi, higiene sanitasi lingkungan, tingkat konsumsi dan kejadian infeksi dengan status gizi anak usia 2-5 tahun di Kabupaten Semarang. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional, dengan metode survai, dan disain cross sectional. Sampel adalah anak usia 2-5 tahun bertempat tinggal di Kabupaten Semarang. Jumlah sampel 76 anak yang diambil secara proposional. Responden adalah ibu dari sampel. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah Rank Spearman dan Chi-Square. Hasil : Responden berasal dari golongan social ekonomi rendah dengan tingkat pengetahuan gizi yang rendah,Tingkat konsumsi energi 93,4% sampel termasuk defisit dan tingkat konsumsi protein 35,5% sampel termasuk defisit. Dalam tiga bulan terakhir dan saat penelitian 63,2% sampel menderita ISPA (Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan bagian Atas) dan 1,3% sampel mengalami diare, 39,6% sampel mempunyai status gizi buruk berdasarkan indeks BB/U. Tingkat konsumsi energi dan protein dan kejadian ISPA berhubungan dengan slor Z BB/U. pada anak usia 2-5 tahun. Tingkat pendidikan ibu dan pengetahuan gizi ibu berhubungan dengan tingkat konsumsi protein. Tingkat pendidikan ibu berhubungan dengan tingkat konsumsi energi. Simpulan: Tingkat pendidikan ibu berhubungan dengan tingkat konsumsi energi dan protein. Tingkat konsumsi energi, tingkat konsumsi protein, dan kejadian ISPA berhubungan dengan status gizi. Tingkat pendapatan per kapita, tidak berhubungan dengan tingkat konsumsi energi dan protein. Higiene sanitasi lingkungan tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian ISPA dan diare.