ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KEJADIAN KERACUNAN PESTISIDA ORGANOFOSFAT PADA PETANI PENYEMPROT HAMA TANAMAN DI KECAMATAN BULU ICABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG TAHUN 2002

Abstract

Background, Pesticides spraying which is not follow the regulation, will give many effects to human health. For example, the farmers will be poisoned. Pesticides poisoned can be found by the examination of the blood cholinesterase activities. The factors that influence to the occurrence of pesticides poisoning are the factors from the inside of the human body (internal) and the outside of the human body (external). Based on the result of examination of the farmer's blood cholinesterase activities that had been done for 4 times, it showed that in year 1994, 58.4% from 65 persons were poisoned; in year 1997, 36.3% from 85 persons were poisoned; in year 1999, 30.71% from 80 persons were poisoned; in year 2000, 65.3% from 80 persons was done for 4 times poisoned. Objective, this research measures the magnitude of the risk factors that influence to the occurrence of organophosphate pesticides poisoned at the sprayer farmers of plant pest at Bulu sub district. Method, Research design uses case-control study with 104 cases and 104 controls. Risk factors in this research are age, nutritional status, anemia, pesticides processing, using of personal protective equipment, pesticides dose, the number of pesticides types, work duration, spraying duration, spraying frequency, spraying action in the same wind direction, and spraying time. The research location is done at sub district of Bulu, district of Temanggung, Central Java. Result, the number of poisoned occurrences is happened at Palcurejo village (30.3%), age group of 30-39 years (30.8%), and SD graduation (59.1%). Risk factors that influence to the occurrence of pesticidespoisoned are : nutritional status < 18.5 (OR = 6.78; 95% CI = 2.08-22.62); not properly pesticides dose (OR = 6.46; 95% CI = 2.52-16.57); the number of pesticides types 3 types (OR = 5.37; 95% CI = 2.23-12.92); anemia (OR = 5.03; 95% CI = 1.54-16.46); spraying frequency 3 times (OR = 4.95; 95% CI = 2.03- 12.07); bad spraying time (OR = 3.94; 95% CI = 1.70-9.17); age 40 years (OR = 3.83; 95% CI = 1.64-8.94); spraying action opposites the wind direction (OR = 3.43; 95% CI = 1.37-8.62); and using of personal protective equipment not complete (OR = 2.83; 95% CI = 1.19-19.68). Conclusion, nutritional status risk factor < 18.5 is the most influenced risk factor to the occurrence of organophosphate pesticides poisoned at the sprayer farmers of plant pest. Suggestion, the farmers should eat before they work using pesticides. The equipments and the regulations of pesticides using should be obeyed. Latar belakang, penyemprotan pestisida yang tidak memenuhi aturan akan mengakibatkan banyak dampak, di antaranya dampak kesehatan bagi manusia yaitu timbulnya keracunan pada petani itu sendiri. Keracunan pestisida dapat ditemukan dengan jalan memeriksa aktifitas kholinesterase darah. Faktor yang berpengaruh dengan terjadinya keracunan pestisida adalah faktor dari dalam tubuh (internal) dan dan luar tubuh (eksternal). Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan aktifitas kholinesterase darah petani yang telah dilaksanakan sebanyak 4 kali, yaitu pertama tahun 1994 diperiksa 65 orang menunjukkan 58,4% keracunan, 1997 diperiksa 85 orang menunjukkan 36,3% keracunan, 1999 diperiksa 80 orang menunjukkan 30,7% keracunan dan 2000 diperiksa 80 orang menunjukkan 65,3% keracunan. Tujuan, mengukur besar risiko berbagai faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian keracunan pestisida organofosfat pada petani penyemprot hama tanaman di Kecamatan Bulu. Metode, desain penelitian yang digunakan studi kasus kontrol dengan 104 kasus dan 104 kontrol. Faktor risiko yang termasuk dalam penelitian ini umur, status gizi, anemia, cara penanganan pestisida, pemakaian alat pelindung diri, dosis pestisida, jumlah jenis pestisida, masa kerja, lama menyemprot, frekuensi penyemprotan, tindakan penyemprotan pada arah angin, dan waktu menyemprot. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Bulu Kabupaten Temanggung Propinsi Jawa Tengah. Hasil, keracunan pestisida paling banyak di Desa Pakurejo 30,3%; pada kelompok umur 30-39 tahun 30,8%; dan berpendidikan tamat SD 59,1% Faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian keracunan pestisida adalah status gizi < 18,5 (OR = 6,78; 95% CI = 2.08-22.62), dosis pestisida tidak sesuai (OR = 6,46; 95% CI = 2.52¬16.57), jumlah jenis pestisida .?_ 3 jenis (OR = 5,37; 95% CI = 2,23-12.92), anemia (OR = 5.03; 95% CI = 1.54-16.46), frekuensi menyemprot ?_ 3 kali (OR = 4,95; 95% CI = 2.03-12.07), waktu menyemprot buruk (OR = 3,94; 95% CI = 1.70-9.17), umur ?_ 40 tahun (OR = 3.83; 95% CI = 1.64-8.94), tindakan penyemprotan berlawanan arah angin (OR = 3,43; 95% CI = 1,37-8.62), dan pemakaian APD tidak lengkap (OR = 2.83; 95% CI = 1.19-19.68). Kesimpulan, faktor risiko status gizi < 18.5 merupakan faktor risiko yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian keracunan pestisida organofosfat pada petani penyemprot hama tanaman. Saran, petani sebelum beketja dengan menggunakan pestisida agar makan terlebih dahulu, perlengkapan dan peraturan penggunaan pestisida