MEKANISME PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA BISNIS MELALUI ARBITRASE

Abstract

The existence of arbitration in Indonesia has a quite long history, it dates back from the pre-independence era. During the colonial era regulation on this legal institution can be found in Rv. This provision remained in force in the independence era, until it was finally repealed and replaced by a New Arbitration Law, namely Law No.30 Year 1999 on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolutions. In additon to the abovementioned regulation, in 1968 Indonesia become State Party of the Convention on the Settlement of Invesments Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, through Law No.5 Year 1968, and in 1981 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 34 Year 1981, Indonesia ratified New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, that nine years later was followed by the Supreme Court Regulation No.1 Year 1990 on Procedures for the Implementation of Foreign Arbitral Awards. In view of the quite long existence of the arbitration, a question that can be raised is, has the arbitration regulations spurred the development of arbitration in Indonesia? To answer this question, this research using a legal-normative approach will comprehensively describe various aspects of the mechanism of business disputes settlement through arbitration. This research also analyzed the procedural rules owned by the Indonesian National Board of Arbitration (BANI) by comparing it with various procedural rules of international institutional arbitration. Based on the result of these analyses, this research shows that various aspects of business disputes resolution through arbitration, both regulated in the New Arbitration Law and the procedural rules owned by BAN!, to same extent have contained provisions that can be equalized to those generally applicapble to international business community, either in pre arbitral phase, arbitral phase or post arbitral phase. Business community can be characterized by efficiency and effectivens, as well as competition and cooperation. Therefore, some superiorities offered in the mechanism of business dispute settlement through arbitration, such as quick, confidential, quality, and win-win resolution for the benefit of both parties, become an essential for business community. However, the result of this research also indicates that in its practice, several barriers and impediments for the development of arbitration, both caused by the provision that still contain ambiguity and the role of court of law which is not yet optimum for the development of arbitration. Keberadaan lembaga arbitrase di Indonesia mempunyai sejarah cukup panjang, dapat ditarik jauh sebelum kemerdekaan. Pengaturan lembaga ini pada masa kolonial dapat ditemukan dalam Rv. Pada masa kemerdekaan ketentuan ini tetap berlaku, sampai akhirnya dicabut dan diganti dengan Undang-Undang Arbitrase Baru, Undang-Undang No.30 Tahun 1999 tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa. Dalam pada itu, pada tahun 1968, melalui Undang-Undang 5 Tahun 1968, Indonesia menjadi negara peserta Convention on the Settlement of Investments Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States. Dan pada tahun 1981, dengan Keputusan Presiden No. 34 Tahun 1981, Indonesia meratifikasi New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, yang kemudian disusul oleh Peraturan Mahkamah Agung No.1 Tahun 1990 tentang Tatacara Pelaksanaan Putusan Arbitrase Asing. Mengingat keberadaan lembaga arbitrase yang cukup panjang maka pertanyaan yang dapat diajukan adalah apakah pengaturan lembaga arbitrase dalam berbagai peraturan tersebut telah mendorong perkembangan arbitrase di Indonesia. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini, dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif akan digambarkan secara lcomprehensif pengaturan berbagai aspek mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa bisnis melalui arbitrase. Dalam penelitian ini juga dilakukan analisis terhadap aturan prosedural (rules) yang dimiliki BANI, dengan memperbandingkannya dengan berbagai aturan prosedural dari arbitrase insitusional yang bersifat intemasional. Dan hasil penelitian ini dapat diketahui, bahwa pengaturan berbagai aspek mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa bisnis melalui arbitrase baik yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Arbitrase Baru maupun aturan prosedural (rules) yang dimiliki BANI, mulai dari tahap sebelum arbitrase (pre arbitral phase), tahap arbitrase (arbitral phase) sampai pada tahap sesudah arbitrase (post arbitral phase), dalam banyak hal telah memuat ketentuan yang dapat disebandingkan dengan ketentuan yang umum berlaku di kalangan pelaku bisnis internasional. Dunia bisnis adalah dunia efisiensi dan efektifitas, persaingan dan kerjasama. Karena itu berbagai keunggulan yang ditawarkan dalam pengaturan mekanisme menyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase, seperti prosesnya yang cepat, konfidensial, berkualitas serta berorientasi ke masa depan, sangat sesuai dengan karakter dunia bisnis. Namun, dari basil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa dalam praktik masih ditemui berbagai kendala dan hambatan baik yang ditimbulkan oleh ketentuan yang masih mengandung ambiguitas maupun peran pengadilan yang belum optimal bagi pengembangan arbitrase.