STUDI KRANIOMETRI SAPI JAWA DAN BEBERAPA BANGSA SAPI POTONG DI INDONESIA TESIS

Abstract

A study on craniometric of Java cattle and four other breeds of Indonesian native cattle was conducted to identify the breed and to clarify the relationship between different breed among them. The study was started from July 2003 to January 2004. The number of specimens examined for Java, Filial Ongole, Madura, and Bali cattle were 34, 41, 16 and 28, respectively. They were collected from the slaughter hauses in Brebes-Central Java, Semarang-Central Java, Bangkalan-Madura, Denpasar-Bali respectively. Mean-while, 12 spesimens of Banteng were obtained from the Bogor Zoological Muzeum-West Java. Each specimen collected was measured for 15 cranial measurements. The SAS (1990) was applied both for univariate and multivariate analysis approaches. Univariate analysis used was t-test. Multivariate analysis performed using Principal Component Analysis, Canonical Discriminant Analysis and Discriminant Analysis. Results showed that (1) Breed and sex significantly affected the cranial measurements; (2) The first of two Principal Components accounted for 76,21%, 77,58% and 75,00% of all variation in the sex pool, male and female respectively, with meant that most of the cranial variations could be explained as size differences. The longest cranium was belong to Banteng, subsequently followed by Filial Ongole, Java, Madura and Bali cattle. The cranial shape of Banteng was also the largest, followed by Bali, Madura, Java and Filial Ongole cattle. Measurement variable for number 14 (height of the occipital region) was the best discriminator for the first canonical variate, whereas number 6 (post palatabel length) and number 8 (Least breadth between the bases of the horncores) were the best discriminator for the second one. This meant that those variable were the discriminator for breed differences. Using Discriminant Analysis for classifying five breeds of native cattle resulted in hight accuraty as indicated by the low probability of erroneous discrimination. The accuracy accounted for 93,70%, 95,33%, and 97,92% in sex pool, male and female, respectively. The rate of misclassification was for 6,30%, 4,67%, and 2,08% in sex pool, male, and female respectively; (3) Java cattle was nearer in the genetic relationship to Madura and Filial Ongole cattle compared to either Banteng or Bali cattle. Banteng was the farthest to all breeds. Penelitian tentang Studi Kraniometri Sapi Jawa dan Beberapa Bangsa Sapi Potong di Indonesia dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bangsa dan mengklarifikasi hubungan antar bangsa sapi yang berbeda telah dilaksanakan mulai Juli 2003 sampai dengan Januari 2004. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 34, 28, 16, 41 dan 12 buah kranium masing-masing pada sapi Jawa, sapi Bali, sapi Madura, sapi Peranakan Ongole, dan Banteng, yang masing-masing diperoleh di RPH Kabupaten Brebes, Denpasar-Bali, Kabupaten Bangkalan-Madura, Semarang dan Museum Zoologicum Bogoriensis-Bogor. Setiap sample kranium diukur sebanyak 15 jenis ukuran sebagai variavel. Data dianalisis secara univariat dan multivariat dengan paket program statistik SAS ver. 6 tahun 1990. Pada analisis univariat digunakan uji t, sementara itu analisis multivariat digunakan: "Principal Component Analysis" atau Analisis Komponen Utama , "Canonical Discriminant Analysis" atau Analisis Diskriminan Kanonik dan "Discriminant Component Analysis" atau Analisis Komponen Diskriminan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Bangsa sapi dan jenis kelamin berpengaruh terhadap variabel ukuran kranium; (2) Dua Komponen Utama pertama dari Analisis Komponen Utama menerangkan keragaman variabel kranium sebesar 76,21%; 77,58%; dan 74,98%, masing-masing untuk gabungan jenis kelamin, jantan, dan betina. Urutan kranium yang paling panjang adalah Banteng, sapi PO, sapi Jawa, sapi Madura kemudian sapi Bali. Bentuk kranium yang paling besar adalah Banteng, disusul sapi Bali, sapi Madura, sapi Jawa kemudian sapi PO. Variabel yang baik digunakan sebagai pembeda bangsa adalah variabel-14 yaitu "Height of the occipital region" untuk fungsi diskriminan I, dan variabel-6 yaitu "Post palatal length" dan variabel-8 yaitu "Least breadth between the bases of the horncores" untuk fungsi diskriminan II. Penggunaan Analisis Diskriminan untuk mengelompokkan 4 bangsa sapi potong dan Banteng dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan ketepatan yang tinggi, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan tingkat kesalahan yang rendah. Tingkat ketepatan dalam pengelompokan bangsa sapi sebesar 93,70%; 95,33%; dan 97,92%, masing-masing untuk gabungan jenis kelamin, jantan, dan betina. Tingkat kesalahan dalam pengelompokan bangsa sapi sebesar 6,30%; 4,67%; dan 2,08%, masing-masing untuk gabungan jenis kelarnin, jantan, dan betina; (3) Sapi Jawa mempunyai jarak genetik lebih dekat dengan sapi Madura dan sapi PO dibanding sapi lainnya. Banteng mempunyai jarak genetik paling jauh dengan bangsa sapi lainnya.