MAZHAB YIN-YANG PADA PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR: STUDI KASUS PERMUKIMAN PECINAN DI LASEM

Abstract

Research, which was conducted on Yin Yang concept influence to architectural design within Chinese's community in Lasem, was directed to study relationship between philosophy and architectural building in that community. This research was expected to be able to give benefits for understanding of a design in Chinese's community and could be stimulant for other research. The main problem is how to relate between Yin Yang concept as one of Chinese's philosophy and architectural design as an effort to result an architectural product This research studied whether there is an interconnection between Yin Yang concept and architectural design within Chinese's community in Lasem, Central Java, which was observed from some architectural elements, such as building site, mass shape, structure, ornament, colour as well as building orientation. This research also studied whether traditional activities, such as practice ritual or religious ritual influenced to Chinese's architectural in Lasem, for example: time to construct, circulation of building, and placement of sacred zone. Moreover, this research also studied whether life orientation on Chinese's society influenced to their ways to choose location or site for their home. There are some constraints of this research, those are: lack of written reference and supporting documentation, vagueness of Chinese's society early cultural in Lasem. Besides, the non-homogeneous belief of present Chinese's society as well as changing of cultural and economic also constraints in this research. In this research, the constraints were faced by using qualitative research paradigm. By using the paradigm, relationship between Yin Yang concept and architectural design can be described and traced, therefore philosophy and architectural in Chinese's community in Lasem could be understand. Holistic analysis was used in this research, which viewed an object as a culture design. Holistic analysis also viewed Chinese's objects or architectural building as manifestation of cultural system, which consist of Yin Yang, Chi and Wu Hsing concepts. Moreover, this research included three perspective of philosophy, those are: philosophy as a science, philosophy as the way of thinking and philosophy as the way life, in the relation with architectural design in Chinese's community in Lasem. Using the approach, relationship between Yin Yang concept and architectural design in Chinese's community in Lasem can be described, even on the hypothetical state. The analysis found that value and knowledge upon basic concept of Chinese's philosophy, particularly the Yin Yang, could be adopted, in integrated way, into the theory of architectural design. The principal phenomena of Yin Yang, Chi and Wu Hsing concepts in architectural design and plan proved that understanding of those concepts were needed. Therefore, it is suggested that Yin Yang, Chi and Wu Hsing concepts could be implemented to traditional architectural subject in Architectural Department, Faculty of Technology. Penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap pengaruh Mazhab Yin-Yang pada perancangan arsitektur di permukiman Pecinan Lasem bertujuan mengungkap hubungan filsafat dan bangunan arsitektur di permukiman tersebut. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi manfaat bagi pemahaman suatu perancangan di Pecinan dan menjadi stimulan bagi penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya. Permasalahan utama adalah bagaimana menarik benang merah antara Mazhab Yin-Yang sebagai salah satu aliran filsafat Cina dengan perancangan arsitektur sebagai upaya menjadikan suatu produk arsitektur. Apakah ada keterkaitan antara mazhab Yin-Yang dan perancangan arsitektur pada permukiman Pecinan di Lasem Jawa Tengah ditinjau pada beberapa elemen arsitektur yaitu :tapak, bentuk, struktur, organisasi ruang, wama dan orientasi. Apakah kegiatan¬kegiatan tradisi berupa ritual budaya maupun ritual ibadah berpengaruh juga pada arsitektur Cina di Lasem misalnya dalam hal waktu pembangunan, sirkulasi pada bangunan dan perletakan zona sakral. Apakah pedoman hidup pada masyarakat Cina berpengaruh terhadap cara mereka dalam memilih lokasi/tapak untuk rumah tinggal. Kendala-kendala pada penelitian ini karena kurangnya referensi tertulis dan dokumentasi penunjang serta kekaburan sejarah awal masyarakat Cina di Lasem. Selain kendala di atas saat ini kepercayaan masyarakat Cina tidak lagi homogen demikian juga budaya dan ekonomi yang telah mengalami pergeseran. Menghadapi kendala di atas , maka dalam tesis ini upaya pengungkapan dan penelusuran hubungan mazhab Yin-Yang dan perancangan arsitektur di Pecinan Lasem digunakan paradigm penelitian kualitatif sehingga keluasan cakupan masalah filsafat dan arsitektur di Pecinan Lasem dapat dipahami. Pada penelitian ini digunakan analisis Holistik yaitu obyek dipandang di dalam suatu kerangka kebudayaan, yang memandang obyek/bangunan arsitektur Cina sebagai manifestasi dari sistem budaya yang mencakup konsep Yin-Yang, Chi dan Wu Hsing. Pada penelitian ini meliputi ketiga sudut pandang mengenai filsafat yaitu filsafat sebagai ilmu, filsafat sebagai cara berpikir dan filsafat sebagai pandangan hidup kaitannya dengan perancangan arsitektur pada masyarakat Cina di Lasem. Dengan pendekatan di atas, hubungan mazhab Yin-Yang dan perancangan arsitektur di Pecinan Lasem dapat dideskripsikan, meskipun pada paras hipotetis. Dari analisis terungkap pula bahwa pengertian dan pemahaman konsep dasar Mazhab Yin-Yang temyata dapat diadaptasikan secara integratif dengan teori perancangan arsitektur. Fenomena berprinsip pada konsep Yin-Yang, Chi dan Wu Hsing dalam suatu perencanaan dan perancangan arsitektur mat ini membuktikan dibutuhkannya pemahaman akan konsep tersebut. Untuk itu disarankan konsep Yin-Yang, Chi dan Wu Hsing dapat ditambahkan pada mata kuliah arsitektur tradisional pada fakultas teknik jurusan Arsitektur.