ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KINERJA EKSPOR UKM DENGAN LINGKUNGAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERATING (Studi Kasus pada Industri Furniture di Kabupaten Jepara)

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of independent variables (company characteristics, geographic market range, management attitude) on dependent variables (UKM's performance in export) in an environment, which is used as a moderating variable. The selection of this module has been made in accordance to existing research problems, such as the depreciation of export and a research gap, caused by an exclusion of an environmental variable, which acts as a moderating variable and an influence to the strength of the link between independent variables and dependent variables. Previous researches only focused on the immediate influence of independent variables on dependent variables, which simultaneously defines the influence of geographical market range, company characteristics and management attitude on UKM's performance in export. The research module has been tested on the furniture industry in Jepara. Jepara was the designated object for research because of the nature of its domain as a central in the furniture industry, and also due to the fact that many companies there have been under the status of UKM (Usaha Kea! Menengah = Middle down Scale Businesses). Due to the enormous number of overpopulated furniture companies residing in Jepara (there are 359 furniture companies sprawled in the tiny town), there was a need for a sampling technique, referred to as purposive sampling, whereby companies bearing the status of UKM and had been operating for five years with twenty full-time employees, were chosen to be designated modular samples. The techniques undertaken for the research were multiple regression analysis and residual analysis with the aid of a software specialized in statistical analysis SPSS II. The result of the analysis pointed out that the link between the following elements (I) between company characteristics and company attributes and (2) between geographical market range and management attitude towards UKM's performance in export. Has been influenced by the strength of the environment. This empirical discovery has indicated that all leaders of UKM, in their right minds, should monitor environmental changes and increase their company's capabilities, without the negligence of comprehensive proper planning and pro-active managerial attitude, which as a whole affects the improvement in the performance of export. Theoretical implications and suggestions for further researches in the future have been elaborated at the end of this study. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh antar variabel independen (cakupan pasar secara geografis, karakteristik perusahaan dan sikap manajemen) terhadap variabel dependen (kinerja ekspor UKM) dengan lingkungan sebagai variabel moderating. Pemilihan model tersebut disesuaikan dengan research problem, yaitu terjadinya penurunan jumlah ekspor dan research gap, yaitu belum dimasukkannya variabel lingkungan sebagai variabel moderating yang akan mempengaruhi kudt-lemahnya hubungan antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen. Penelitian-penelitian terdahulu hanya melihat pengaruh langsung dari variabel independen terhadap dependennya, yaitu pengaruh cakupan pasar secara geografis, karakteristik perusahaan dan sikap manajemen terhadap kinerja ekspor UKM. Model penelitian diuji pada industri furniture pada Kabupaten Jepara. Pemilihan Kabupaten Jepara sebagai objek penelitian dikarenakan merupakan sentra industri furniture dan masih banyak industri furniture disana, yang berstatus UICM. Dikarenakan jumlah populasi yang terlalu besar, yaitu 359 maka dibutuhkan teknik sampling, yaitu purposive sampling yang dimana perusahaan yang dijadikan sampel merupakan UKM, telah beroperasi minimal 5 tahun dan memiliki karyawan tetap minimal 20 orang. Teknik analisis yang dipergunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda dan analisis residual dengan bantuan software SPSS 11. Hasil analisis menunjuldcan bahwa hubungan antara cakupan pasar secara geografis, karakteristik perusahaan dan sikap manajemen dengan kinerja ekspor UKM dipegaruhi oleh kuat lemahnya lingkungan. Temuan empiris tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa para pimpinan UKM, khususnya industri furniture, seyogyanya rnemonitor perubahan lingkungan serta meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan, perencanaan yang jelas dan sikap manajemen proaktif, yang kesemuanya itu akan berdampak pada peningkatan kinerja ekspor. Implikasi teoritis serta saran-saran bagi penelitian mmendatang juga diuraikan pada bagian terakhir penelitian ini.